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coordinated like ligands locked in alien by Dexterous Animation "The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that, in an atom or molecule, no two electrons can have the same four electronic quantum numbers. As an orbital can contain a maximum of only two electrons, the two electrons must have opposing spins. This means if one electron is assigned as a spin up (+1/2) electron, the other electron must be spin-down (-1/2) electron. Electrons in the same orbital have the same first three quantum numbers, e.g., n=1 , l=0, ml=0 for the 1s subshell. Only two electrons can have these numbers, so that their spin moments must be either ms=−1/2 or ms=+1/2. If the 1s orbital contains only one electron, we have one ms value and the electron configuration is written as 1s1 (corresponding to hydrogen). If it is fully occupied, we have two ms values, and the electron configuration is 1s2 (corresponding to helium). As you can see, the 1s and 2s subshells for beryllium atoms can hold only two electrons and when filled, the electrons must have opposite spins. Otherwise they will have the same four quantum numbers." #chemistry #genchem #chemistrymajor #premed #pchem #ochem
sn1 vs sn2 reactions in ochem 1 compared "Other than the factors we have talked about so far, solvent is another key factor that affect nucleophilic substitution reactions. Proper solvent is required to facilitate a certain mechanism. For some cases, picking up the appropriate solvent is the effective way to control which pathway the reaction proceed. To understand the solvent effect, we first of all need to have more detailed discussions about solvents, then learn how to choose good solvent for a specific reaction. Solvents can be divided into three major categories based on the structures and polarities, that is: non-polar, polar protic and polar aprotic solvents. Non-polar solvents are non-polar compounds. (hexane, benzene, toluene, etc.) Polar protic solvents are the compounds containing OH or NH group that is able to form hydrogen bonds. Polar protic solvents are highly polar because of the OH or NH group. Polar aprotic solvents is a group solvents with medium range of polarity. They are polar because of polar bonds like C=O or S=O, but the polarity is not as high as OH or NH group. Typical examples of polar aprotic solvents include acetone, DMSO, DMF, THF, CH2Cl2. The general guideline for solvents regarding nucleophilic substitution reaction is:     SN1 reactions are favored by polar protic solvents (H2O, ROH etc), and usually are solvolysis reactions.     SN2 reactions are favored by polar aprotic solvents (acetone, DMSO, DMF etc)." #chemistry #ochem #organicchemistry #chemistrymajor #premed
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sn1 vs sn2 reactions in ochem 1 compared "Other than the factors we have talked about so far, solvent is another key factor that affect nucleophilic substitution reactions. Proper solvent is required to facilitate a certain mechanism. For some cases, picking up the appropriate solvent is the effective way to control which pathway the reaction proceed. To understand the solvent effect, we first of all need to have more detailed discussions about solvents, then learn how to choose good solvent for a specific reaction. Solvents can be divided into three major categories based on the structures and polarities, that is: non-polar, polar protic and polar aprotic solvents. Non-polar solvents are non-polar compounds. (hexane, benzene, toluene, etc.) Polar protic solvents are the compounds containing OH or NH group that is able to form hydrogen bonds. Polar protic solvents are highly polar because of the OH or NH group. Polar aprotic solvents is a group solvents with medium range of polarity. They are polar because of polar bonds like C=O or S=O, but the polarity is not as high as OH or NH group. Typical examples of polar aprotic solvents include acetone, DMSO, DMF, THF, CH2Cl2. The general guideline for solvents regarding nucleophilic substitution reaction is: SN1 reactions are favored by polar protic solvents (H2O, ROH etc), and usually are solvolysis reactions. SN2 reactions are favored by polar aprotic solvents (acetone, DMSO, DMF etc)." #chemistry #ochem #organicchemistry #chemistrymajor #premed
follow for more chem study guides "The postulates of the kinetic molecular theory of gases ignore both the volume occupied by the molecules of a gas and all interactions between molecules, whether attractive or repulsive. In reality, however, all gases have nonzero molecular volumes. Furthermore, the molecules of real gases interact with one another in ways that depend on the structure of the molecules and therefore differ for each gaseous substance. In this section, we consider the properties of real gases and how and why they differ from the predictions of the ideal gas law. We also examine liquefaction, a key property of real gases that is not predicted by the kinetic molecular theory of gases. For an ideal gas, a plot of PV/nRT versus P gives a horizontal line with an intercept of 1 on the PV/nRT axis. Real gases, however, show significant deviations from the behavior expected for an ideal gas, particularly at high pressures (part (a) in Figure 11.1.1 ). Only at relatively low pressures (less than 1 atm) do real gases approximate ideal gas behavior (part (b) in Figure 11.1.1 ). Real gases also approach ideal gas behavior more closely at higher temperatures, as shown in Figure 11.1.2 for N2. Why do real gases behave so differently from ideal gases at high pressures and low temperatures? Under these conditions, the two basic assumptions behind the ideal gas law—namely, that gas molecules have negligible volume and that intermolecular interactions are negligible—are no longer valid." #genchem #pchem #chemistry #physics #gaslaws #pvnrt #science #chemistrymajor
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follow for more chem study guides "The postulates of the kinetic molecular theory of gases ignore both the volume occupied by the molecules of a gas and all interactions between molecules, whether attractive or repulsive. In reality, however, all gases have nonzero molecular volumes. Furthermore, the molecules of real gases interact with one another in ways that depend on the structure of the molecules and therefore differ for each gaseous substance. In this section, we consider the properties of real gases and how and why they differ from the predictions of the ideal gas law. We also examine liquefaction, a key property of real gases that is not predicted by the kinetic molecular theory of gases. For an ideal gas, a plot of PV/nRT versus P gives a horizontal line with an intercept of 1 on the PV/nRT axis. Real gases, however, show significant deviations from the behavior expected for an ideal gas, particularly at high pressures (part (a) in Figure 11.1.1 ). Only at relatively low pressures (less than 1 atm) do real gases approximate ideal gas behavior (part (b) in Figure 11.1.1 ). Real gases also approach ideal gas behavior more closely at higher temperatures, as shown in Figure 11.1.2 for N2. Why do real gases behave so differently from ideal gases at high pressures and low temperatures? Under these conditions, the two basic assumptions behind the ideal gas law—namely, that gas molecules have negligible volume and that intermolecular interactions are negligible—are no longer valid." #genchem #pchem #chemistry #physics #gaslaws #pvnrt #science #chemistrymajor
I made these for the ochem class i’m a learning assistant for so I figured i’d share them for anyone who’s just starting ochem or needs reminders! #ochem #chemistry #chem #chemnotes #notes #student #chemical #chemist #organicchemistry #orgo #organicchemistrytutor #uni #studywithme #studymotivation #studentlife #student #biochemist #biochemistry #biochem #biochemistrymajor #chemistrymajor #chemteacher #chemistrylab #organic #orgo2 #genchem #stem #trendingtopics #womeninstem #STEMTok #science #scientist #scientistsoftiktok
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what ochem topics should I go over? 🧪 #chem #chemistry #orgoorgotutor #tutor #science #scientist #chemistrytips #chemtips #chemwithkeana #chemist #chemistrymajor #biochemistry #biochemistrymajor #biochemmajor #ucla #university #college #learn #learnwithme #STEMTok #study #studywithme #orgo #orgochem #university #collegelife #schooltips #schoolhacks #exams #examseason #finals #midterms #stemmajor #womeninstem #womeninmaledominatingfields #stemlife
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